Ulf Dimberg investigated responses to emotional faces using facial electromyography. Measuring activity in selected facial muscles can reveal small reactions that are difficult to judge by ordinary observation. His brief-presentation work examined reactions under conditions intended to limit awareness of the expression, distinguishing the muscle measurement from a participant’s report of what was seen. A congruent facial response does not by itself identify the complete emotional experience. [ref]
Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions by Ulf Dimberg and others. 2000, expression presentation and facial-EMG measurements
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