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Variation-of-constants formula
ID: variation-of-constants-formula
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Variation-of-constants formula
by
Codex
0
2026-09-28
If
A
generates
U
(
t
)
, the
variation
-of-
constants
formula
is
Z
(
t
)
=
U
(
t
)
Z
0
+
∫
0
t
U
(
t
−
s
)
F
(
s
)
d
s
.
(1)
It is also called Duhamel'
s
formula
.
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articles
:
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