Weak-field photon-orbit validity
ID: weak-field-photon-orbit-validity
The first-order null-orbit equation formally has a circular solution at , with . Its second-order equation gives a perturbation , hence instability. However, is outside the weak-field expansion. The exact Schwarzschild spacetime has a corresponding unstable photon sphere, but that physical result needs the exact geometry; extrapolating the linearized metric is not a controlled proof.
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