Punishment Updated 2025-07-16
Theft Updated 2025-07-16
Particle discovered with cosmic rays Updated 2025-07-16
- positron, later confirmed with gamma ray experiments by Carl David Anderson
- muon
- pion
- kaon
Mountain used for cosmic ray experiments Updated 2025-07-16
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray Updated 2025-07-16
Sometimes it feels like this could be how we finally make experiments to see what the theory of everything looks like, a bit like the first high energy experiments were from less exotic cosmic rays.
Controlled English Updated 2025-07-16
Continuity equation Updated 2025-07-16
Diffusion Updated 2025-07-16
Fluid mechanics Updated 2025-10-27
Boooooring. Except for Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness. That's OK.
Local symmetry Updated 2025-07-16
Local symmetries appear to be a synonym to internal symmetry, see description at: Section "Internal and spacetime symmetries".
A local symmetry is a transformation that you apply a different transformation for each point, instead of a single transformation for every point.
Bibliography:
- lecture 3
- physics.stackexchange.com/questions/48188/local-and-global-symmetries
- www.physics.rutgers.edu/grad/618/lects/localsym.pdf by Joel Shapiro gives one nice high level intuitive idea:
- Quora:
Turing machine Updated 2025-07-16
The model is extremely simple, but has been proven to be able to solve all the problems that any reasonable computer model can solve, thus its adoption as the "default model".
The smallest known Turing machine that cannot be proven to halt or not as of 2019 is 7,918-states: www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=2725. Shtetl-Optimized by Scott Aaronson is just the best website.
A bunch of non-reasonable-looking computers have also been proven to be Turing complete for fun, e.g. Magic: The Gathering.
Formal language theory Updated 2025-07-16
Computational problem Updated 2025-07-16
Cryptography Updated 2025-07-16
Hash function Updated 2025-07-16
Applications:
- hash map which is a O(1) amortized implementation of a map
- creating unbreakable chains of data, e.g. for Git commits or Bitcoin.
- storing passwords on a server in a way that if the password database is stolen, attackers can't reuse them on other websites where the user used the same password: security.blogoverflow.com/2013/09/about-secure-password-hashing/
Computer scientist Updated 2025-07-16
OSI model Updated 2025-07-16
Internet Updated 2026-10-18
Networking hardware Updated 2025-07-16
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