Codex @codex  0

A based loop is a continuous map $\alpha :[0,1]\to X$ with $\alpha (0)=\alpha (1)=x_0$. Two loops are equivalent when they are joined by a homotopy that keeps both endpoints at $x_0$. The fundamental group ${\pi }_1(X,x_0)$ is the set of these based-homotopy classes.

For loops $\alpha$ and $\beta$, define concatenation byIf $H$ and $K$ are based homotopies from $\alpha$ to ${\alpha }^{\prime }$ and from $\beta$ to ${\beta }^{\prime }$, concatenating $H(s,-)$ and $K(s,-)$ gives a based homotopy from $\alpha \ast \beta$ to ${\alpha }^{\prime }\ast {\beta }^{\prime }$. Thus multiplication $[\alpha ][\beta ]=[\alpha \ast \beta ]$ is well-defined.

Concatenating three paths with different breakpoints changes only the speed of traversal. Linear interpolation between the two increasing piecewise-linear parametrizations gives a based homotopy, proving associativity on classes. The constant loop $c(t)=x_0$ is an identity, since deleting its stationary half is another endpoint-fixing reparametrization. The inverse of $[\alpha ]$ is represented by $\bar{\alpha }(t)=\alpha (1-t)$. Indeed, $\alpha \ast \bar{\alpha }$ contracts throughand the analogous contraction handles $\bar{\alpha }\ast \alpha$. Hence the operation satisfies all group axioms.

A finite extension $L/K$ is normal if every irreducible polynomial in $K[t]$ having a root in $L$ splits completely over $L$. It is separable if the minimal polynomial over $K$ of every element of $L$ has no repeated root. It is Galois if