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The $p$-biased Fourier coefficient of $f$ at $S$ is ${\hat{f}}_p(S)={\mathbb{E}}_{{\mu }_p}[f{\varphi }_S]$.

Every bounded operator $S$ defines a functional $T\mapsto \mathrm{tr}(ST)$ on the trace-class operators, andFinite-rank density in ${\mathcal{S}}_1$ makes every continuous functional arise uniquely this way.

Adding the correctiongivesIts common-basis eigenvalues areSince ${\lambda }_p,{\lambda }_q<0$, one has $0<d_{pq}\le 1$ for every $\mu >0$.

On the $m$ by $m$ Dirichlet grid with $h=1/(m+1)$, the exact discrete stability condition for $m>1$ isThe mesh-independent sufficient condition is $0<\mu \le 1/2$, and the exact bound tends to $1/2$ as $h\to 0$.

The Russo-Seymour-Welsh theorem and the Harris-FKG inequality imply $\pi (2r)\ge c\pi (r)$ for a scale-independent constant $c>0$.

The normalized-chain functor gives an equivalence between simplicial abelian groups and nonnegatively graded chain complexes of abelian groups. Its inverse is the Eilenberg–MacLane denormalization functor $K$.

Every normal operator on a finite-dimensional complex inner-product space has an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors. An eigenvector is also an eigenvector of the adjoint with conjugate eigenvalue, so its orthogonal complement reduces the operator and induction applies.

The noise stability is