The wavelength- or frequency-dependent absorption of a specified specimen. Composition, optical path length, concentration, linewidths and illumination determine its transmitted colour; a single band gap does not specify that colour.
Dark absorption features in the solar spectrum, mapped and labelled by Joseph von Fraunhofer. They give reproducible wavelength landmarks for spectroscopy and optical measurements. Solar and terrestrial absorbers contribute different features to a ground-observed solar spectrum.

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