Knowledge and use of two languages, varying in proficiency, acquisition age and social setting. Treating it as a single binary exposure can obscure which experiences a cognitive hypothesis actually concerns.
Use of a signed and a spoken language. Within-person comparisons can reduce some between-group confounding while leaving differences in sensory input, movement and language structure.
A proposed benefit associated with bilingual experience for a stated outcome. Language proficiency, metalinguistic awareness, domain-general task performance and later clinical symptoms are different outcomes and require separate evidence.
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