For a continuous Loewner trace generating its hulls, the inverse mapping-out function of a compact H-hull extends continuously to the closed complex upper half-plane. The finite trace is a continuous map image of an interval, and the boundary of its unbounded complementary component has local connectedness; the Caratheodory boundary extension theorem gives the extension. In particular , while maps the open complex upper half-plane into . This is the deterministic boundary-extension input of Rohde and Schramm, Theorem 4.1. Under a Conformal Markov property of SLE restart, this relates boundary contacts of the mapped future to contacts with the old hull, without assuming the old trace is simple.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2017 iii Paper 203 4 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
The boundary assertion is interpreted at positive finite times: a chordal SLE already starts on the domain boundary, and its marked target is another boundary point. The precise conclusion in the complex upper half-plane is almost surely.
For and a fixed real , the centered Boundary-point Bessel flow for SLE solvesThus is a Bessel process driven by of dimensionThe Hitting-zero classification for a Bessel process says that, started positively, it never hits zero when . For , reflect the equation and apply the same result. Therefore every fixed nonzero boundary point has infinite swallowing time. A countable intersection gives this simultaneously for all nonzero rational boundary points.
To extend this countable conclusion to every real , choose rational with . The difference of two centered boundary solutions satisfiesso it remains positive while both flows exist. On any finite time interval, is bounded away from zero, hence so is . Moreover remains bounded there, so the differential equation continues for the whole interval. Its uniform separation from the Loewner driving function also allows each flow map to continue as a holomorphic function on a complex neighborhood of . Thus is outside and cannot be visited by the Loewner trace. Reflection gives the negative real axis. This uses countably many Bessel processes followed by deterministic flow comparison, rather than an uncountable union of probability-zero events.
To exclude a return to the starting point, use the boundary extension of the inverse map for a continuous Loewner trace: is continuous on the closed complex upper half-plane and maps to . This follows from the continuous trace theorem and the Caratheodory boundary extension theorem; it does not assume simplicity. At each deterministic rational time , the Conformal Markov property of SLE makes the mapped future a fresh SLE, so its trace lies in by the preceding argument. Mapping back with therefore showsIf a point were revisited at , choose rational with . Such an exists because continuity and strictly increasing half-plane capacity forbid a constant trace on an interval. But , contradicting the displayed inclusion. This excludes all self-contacts, including returns to zero, and proves the simple curve property needed when discussing later swallowing times.
For , the deterministic Loewner trace is , so the conclusion follows directly. Hence the boundary-intersection threshold for SLE givesMapping to another marked simply connected domain carries positive-time points into its interior. The literal statement including the starting point is false, since is prescribed to be on the domain boundary.