Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 332 4 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
With both ice accumulation and ice ablation removed, the equation is and the conserved volume is , where .
If the thickness and extent scales are and , mass conservation gives , while the flow equation gives . Therefore and . Set , , with a possible virtual time origin . The similarity solution satisfiesIntegration and regular zero total flux at the apex give , hence the positive profile iswith dry bed beyond the front. Volume normalization givesso the volume-conserving conical ice-current similarity solution hasThe terminus has finite thickness and is a shock wave in the gravity-only kinematic wave equation. The Rankine-Hugoniot condition gives , exactly agreeing with the similarity extent. The characteristic speed behind the front is , larger than its speed, while the dry-bed characteristic speed is zero, so the front is compressive and gives an entropy solution.
This solution describes the long-time spreading, rather than exactly matching the earlier steady profile at the instant snowfall stops. The initial transient can be described by the characteristic transformation for conical ice drainage: with starting point , put ; thenwhere characteristics remain smooth. Subsequent crossings are resolved by the same conservation and entropy conditions. Restoring the neglected local pressure gradient would smooth the idealized front.
