= Charles R. Cantor
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\b[Charles R. Cantor] coauthored the 2000 paper constructing a <genetic toggle switch> with <Timothy S. Gardner> and <James J. Collins>. The reported system coupled genetic regulation to a bistable memory-like response in <Escherichia coli>.<Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli by Timothy S. Gardner and others>[Verified byline and Abstract]{ref}
\Image[https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2003/11-14/photos/20.jpg]
{title=Portrait of <Charles R. Cantor>, photographed by Fred Sway for Boston University}
{source=https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2003/11-14/dynamic.html}
{width=250}
A Boston University research account published in 2003 identifies Cantor with the Center for Advanced Biotechnology and describes work on DNA analysis and <haplotypes>.<Dynamic solutions to physiological problems by David J. Craig>[Genes in context and named portrait caption]{ref}
A simple genetics example makes the measurement problem tangible. The two arrangements `AB/ab` and `Ab/aB` both produce an individual with genotype A/a at one site and B/b at another. They nevertheless place the variants on different chromosome copies. Measuring the unphased genotype at each site therefore does not by itself recover the <haplotypes>.
The example illustrates a reusable distinction between identifying individual sequence variants and determining their joint arrangement. The institutional account concerns methods intended to obtain that longer-range genetic information. Together with the coauthored switch study, it shows two different quantitative questions in biotechnology: reconstructing the organization of genetic material and constructing a network with a chosen dynamical response.
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