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Introduction in Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University. The page heading says Experiment 2, while the manual index and directory identify Experiment 3. The footer is dated 17 September 1997; its initials do not establish a personal author.

Online text: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-int.html

Cited section: General Principles and boiling-point discussion; A Mixture of Ideal Liquids: first/later fractions; Liquids that Form Azeotropes: equal-composition constant-boiling mixtures and separation boundaries; Fractional Distillation: packed column and nonideal efficiency.

Laboratory protocol in Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University. No individual author byline is established. The footer is dated 17 September 1997; the manual identifies the 1997/98 course edition.

Online text: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-p.html

Cited section: Part A: 25 mL cyclohexane plus 25 mL p-xylene; top of thermometer bulb midway in opening to condenser; Part A: heating mantle on ring clamp, clay boiling chip, roughly one drop per second; Part A and B: record head temperature every 2 mL until 45 mL collected; Part B: 100 mL round-bottom flask and fractionating column; proceed as above; Recording of Results: paired temperature-volume plots, no azeotrope for this pair, volume is not composition; Experimental Notes item 2 mentions condenser water flow; no inlet/outlet direction established.

Institutional author and issuer of Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University.

Laboratory manual: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-int.html