Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University (1997/98 course edition)

Institutional laboratory manual by McMaster University, 1997/98 course edition. No whole-manual personal author is established. The dates printed on individual pages are recorded separately.

Online manual section: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-int.html

Introduction in Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University. The page heading says Experiment 2, while the manual index and directory identify Experiment 3. The footer is dated 17 September 1997; its initials do not establish a personal author.

Online text: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-int.html

Cited section: General Principles and boiling-point discussion; A Mixture of Ideal Liquids: first/later fractions; Liquids that Form Azeotropes: equal-composition constant-boiling mixtures and separation boundaries; Fractional Distillation: packed column and nonideal efficiency.

Laboratory protocol in Chem2O06 Laboratory Manual by McMaster University. No individual author byline is established. The footer is dated 17 September 1997; the manual identifies the 1997/98 course edition.

Online text: www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/~chem2o6/labmanual/expt3/exp3-p.html

Cited section: Part A: 25 mL cyclohexane plus 25 mL p-xylene; top of thermometer bulb midway in opening to condenser; Part A: heating mantle on ring clamp, clay boiling chip, roughly one drop per second; Part A and B: record head temperature every 2 mL until 45 mL collected; Part B: 100 mL round-bottom flask and fractionating column; proceed as above; Recording of Results: paired temperature-volume plots, no azeotrope for this pair, volume is not composition; Experimental Notes item 2 mentions condenser water flow; no inlet/outlet direction established.