The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds by S. Twomey 2026-10-20
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Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 34, 1149–1152. The theoretical droplet-number and shortwave-reflectance response is distinguished from absorption and subsequent cloud adjustments.
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Twomey effect 2026-10-20
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Increasing cloud droplet number at fixed liquid-water content and cloud thickness reduces mean droplet size and increases total extinction area, raising shortwave optical depth and cloud albedo. This idealized response produces negative shortwave radiative forcing. Changes in cloud amount, water content and dynamics are separate adjustments.[ref]
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