Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 122 6 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Use right comodules with coaction . Fix the convention that is induced by and by . We classify lax monoidal structures first; the strong case is identified at the end.
Every natural transformation of the indicated tensor bifunctors is determined by a linear functional , and its components have the comodule tensor transformation formulaTo prove the assertion, set . On the cofree comodules , naturality with respect to forces the component to act as on the two factors. Apply naturality to the pair of coactions , , then apply their counits. This yields the formula. Conversely the formula is plainly natural with respect to comodule morphisms, and recovers from the regular comodules.
It remains to impose exactly three kinds of equations. First, the component must be -colinear from the tensor with product to the tensor with product . Expanding its two coactions gives (C), the multiplication compatibility for a comodule tensor transformationNecessity follows by taking and applying the two counits; sufficiency follows by substituting the identity into the coaction formula for arbitrary .
Second, the two unit triangles in the preceding part are exactly (U):Here is the common algebra unit. These identities are forced by the regular comodule and sufficient by the counit law.
Third, expand the associativity diagram on three right comodules. The two scalar factors, after their counits are removed, are (A):The product in this expression is , because the intermediate arguments and are source-tensor objects. Necessity follows from the three regular comodules; sufficiency is the same substitution for arbitrary coactions. Using (C), the same condition can equivalently be written with the target product :This is the normalized bialgebra scalar cocycle equation for that convention.
Thus the required structures correspond bijectively to all linear maps satisfying (C), (U) and (A). No convolution invertibility has been imposed for a lax monoidal functor structure. If “monoidal” is required to mean strong, add precisely that is invertible under the convolution product for coalgebra maps on . Its convolution inverse supplies the inverse component by the same displayed formula; conversely natural inverse components recover a convolution inverse by the regular-comodule argument. In that case (C) is the explicit bialgebra cocycle twist relationThis also records which multiplication lies on each side of the twist. Interchanging the names of interchanges the two tensor conventions, rather than silently changing the equation.
For a concrete lax example, take the two-dimensional bialgebra with basis , product , and , . Set and , . Normalization and (C) hold, and (A) follows by checking the eight basis triples: triples involving reduce to normalization, and the triple has both sides zero. But the tensor component is zero, so this lax monoidal functor is not strong.