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Work with integral cohomology. For a frame $v=(v_1,\dots ,v_k)$ in the complex Stiefel manifold, defineThese fibres form the complement bundle on a complex Stiefel manifold, a complex vector subbundle of the trivial rank-$n$ bundle. Indeedis a smooth orthogonal projector of constant complex rank $n-k$; locally projecting suitable fixed basis vectors and applying Gram-Schmidt process provides bundle frames. The underlying real vector bundle has rank $r=2(n-k)$ and is oriented by its complex structure: a complex change of frame has real determinant equal to the positive number $|{\det }_{\mathbb{C}}A{|}^2$.

A point of its sphere bundle is $(v_1,\dots ,v_k,w)$ with $\Vert w\Vert =1$ and $w$ orthogonal to the frame. Appending $w$ gives a diffeomorphismwhose inverse forgets the last vector while retaining it as the unit vector in the complement. Thus the asserted homotopy equivalence is actually an identification of sphere bundles, for $0\le k<n$.

Start the induction at $V_0({\mathbb{C}}^n)=\{\mathrm{point}\}$, with cohomology the exterior algebra on no generators. SupposeThis is a free abelian group in every degree, and for $k\ge 1$ its smallest positive degree is $2n-2k+1=r+1$. Hence $H^r(V_k;\mathbb{Z})=0$. This vanishing holds at $k=0$ as well, since the base is a point and $r=2n>0$. The Euler class $e(E)$ belongs to this zero group and is therefore zero.

For this oriented rank-$r$ vector bundle, the Gysin sequence of a sphere bundle has segmentBecause $e(E)=0$, this becomesIn particular $H^{\ast }(V_{k+1};\mathbb{Z})$ is torsion-free. At $j=r-1$, choose a class $a\in H^{r-1}(V_{k+1};\mathbb{Z})$ with ${\pi }_{!}a=1$. Its restriction to the sphere fibre is an integral generator. The projection formula for sphere bundle integration, with the conventional fibre-integration sign, isIt can be obtained from the relative cohomology of the disk/sphere pair and the Thom isomorphism theorem. Consequently every cohomology class of $V_{k+1}$ is uniquely expressible as ${\pi }^{\ast }c+{\pi }^{\ast }b⌣a$: subtract the second term using its fibre integral, then use exactness to identify the remaining term; injectivity of ${\pi }^{\ast }$ and the projection formula prove uniqueness. This establishes an additive splitting by the old monomials and the old monomials multiplied by $a$.

To establish the ring, $|a|=r-1$ is odd, so graded commutativity of the cup product gives $a^2=-a^2$, and hence $2a^2=0$. The torsion-freeness just proved now gives $a^2=0$. Graded commutativity also gives the required anticommutation with each old odd generator, and the old relations persist under the injective ring map ${\pi }^{\ast }$. The additive splitting proves that there are no additional relations. This is exactly Gysin ring splitting for an odd-dimensional sphere bundle, and supplies a new exterior generator of degreeInduction therefore proves the full ring calculationOver $\mathbb{Z}$, graded commutativity by itself only kills twice an odd square; torsion-freeness is the essential extra step in this integral cohomology of a complex Stiefel manifold proof.

Finally an ordered orthonormal $n$-frame is a unitary matrix, so $V_n({\mathbb{C}}^n)=U(n)$. Each exterior generator may be included once or omitted from a basis monomial. The rank of degree $j$ is therefore the number of subsets of the generator degrees $1,3,\dots ,2n-1$ summing to $j$. Multiplication of their two-term generating factors givesThe highest exponent is $1+3+\cdots +(2n-1)=n^2$, agreeing with the real dimension of the unitary group, and the total rank is $2^n$.