Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2001 iii Paper 52 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let measure the relative trapping vulnerability and use fixed species-specific catches . With no natural interaction, the two populations satisfy independent constant-quota harvested logistic growth equations,This treats as a common harvest scale: a total fixed quota can equivalently be allocated in fixed fractions . Catches are not reassigned after one species disappears. Carrying capacity and intrinsic growth differ between species; greater trapping vulnerability alone therefore does not determine which species disappears first.
The maximum natural surplus occurs at . Define the critical harvesting levelFor there are two positive equilibria,The derivative of the population vector field is negative at the upper branch and positive at the lower branch. The upper branch is attracting; the lower is an unstable survival threshold. An initial abundance above the lower branch approaches the upper branch, whereas one below it reaches extinction. At , positive populations approach , while zero remains zero.
At the branches meet in a saddle-node bifurcation andInitial abundances above approach it algebraically from above; those below decline to extinction. For there is no positive equilibrium and the derivative of abundance is everywhere negative. In fact , giving finite extinction time. At zero the biological model stops harvesting and keeps the population extinct rather than extending the constant-quota equation to negative abundance.
Order the thresholds as . Below the first threshold, both species can persist if each starts above its own survival threshold; either or both can still disappear from inadequate initial abundance. Between the thresholds only species 2 can persist. Above the second, neither can persist. At each threshold use the one-sided critical behaviour just derived. Equal thresholds give simultaneous loss of both positive branches. Because the equations are independent, there are no sustained oscillations or competitive replacements in this model.
Stable and unstable equilibrium branches of two independently harvested logistic populations
. Details. 