Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 122 4 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
We use right comodules and write their coactions as . A coquasitriangular structure gives the braiding on these comodulesIn an arbitrary symmetric monoidal category this notation abbreviates a composite of the two coactions, the ambient symmetry, and ; it does not assume that the objects have elements. The coquasitriangular axioms ensure that this composite is a comodule morphism, is invertible using the convolution inverse of , and satisfies the two hexagon laws. More explicitly, in scalar notation those laws come fromwhile the comodule-morphism condition isUnit normalizations give the unit constraints. These descriptions are identities of morphisms in the ambient symmetric category, with the displayed reordering carried by its symmetry.
Apply the preceding self-braiding result to the regular right comodule . Its Yang–Baxter operator isCompose its braid equation with the three counits. Expanding and cancelling the leading counit factors givesExpanding instead givesThey are equal by the Yang–Baxter operator equation. This is the required scalar identity:Indeed, after the ordered factors are . The two ambient symmetries on the left produce the three pairings , , . On the right, the central symmetry produces , yielding exactly the other three pairings. Hence the calculation identifies the actual morphisms requested, also when the category is not a category of vector spaces.