Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 48 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
The scalar process has zero mean, because white noise has zero mean. Expanding products and retaining only matching noise indices gives its autocovariance function:The finite second moment and covariance depending only on the lag prove weak stationarity. With the two-sided angular-frequency convention, the spectral density of a stationary process isIt is nonnegative because the bracket is , and it is even because the cosine is even. Hence . No restriction on the real parameter is needed for stationarity here; invertibility is a separate condition.
For the bivariate calculation let , , , and . Uncorrelated white noise processes here means zero cross-covariances at every pair of times. Therefore the vector noise hasThe filtered vector is the multivariate moving-average model . Linearity gives . Put , with exactly the orientation of the printed covariance definition. At lag zero, the present and past noise terms are uncorrelated, giving . At lag one the only shared noise is , contributing ; at lag minus one it contributes . Thus the covariance and cross-spectrum of a vector MA(1) are determined byExplicitly,In particular the off-diagonal positive- and negative-lag covariances need not coincide. Reading the upper-right entries and taking their Fourier series gives the requested cross-spectrum:Every coefficient is real, so replacing by conjugates both complex exponentials. Therefore . Unlike the scalar auto-spectrum, this cross-spectrum may be complex and need not be even: its imaginary part is .