Cramér model 2026-10-06
The Cramér model selects integers independently with probability , and conventionally sets , . It is a random model for the distribution of primes, not an assertion of independence for actual prime numbers.
Cramér model prime-gap upper bound 2026-10-06
If are the increasing selected integers in the Cramér model, then almost surely . A zero block of length after has summable probability, so the Borel-Cantelli first lemma excludes these blocks eventually.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 124 2 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
First, the Cramér model has infinitely many successes almost surely, so every is finite. Indeed, for each fixed , independence of the Bernoulli random variables givesThe sum diverges, for example because for . Continuity from above of a measure and a countable union bound exclude a final success.
Fix and put . Let be the event that the whole interval consists of failures. By independence and ,Since , the exponent divided by tends to . Thus for all sufficiently large . The Borel-Cantelli first lemma shows that almost surely every sufficiently large such interval contains a success. Taking then gives for all sufficiently large .
For each fixed , the limit superior of the normalized gap is therefore at most almost surely. Intersect the probability-one events for , , to obtain the Cramér model prime-gap upper bound: