Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 iii Paper 329 1 Solution 2026-09-29
In a cross-section normal to the cylinder axes, measure from the line of contact. The two circular boundaries have the parabolic approximationfor their separation. The contact point of the meniscus is at , so the leading cross-sectional area isThe area of the small meniscus cap is and is lower order. At its upper end the gap has width . A tangent semicircle therefore has radius and curvature
The Young–Laplace equation makes the liquid pressure, relative to the nearly uniform gas pressure,At a fixed , lubrication theory gives a planar Poiseuille flow through a gap of width , with axial flux per unit Integrating across the cusp,The continuity equation now gives
Set . Since , this is the porous medium equationConservation of the fixed volumeand dimensional analysis give the self-similar solution . One integration of the resulting ordinary differential equation yields the compactly supported Barenblatt solutionEquivalently,Its tip is . Usingin the volume constraint gives . Therefore
For vertical cylinders at equilibrium, hydrostatic pressure gives . Balancing this with the capillary pressure gives the large-height profile
The signed curvature isAn orientation-preserving isometry sends to and leaves unchanged, soAn orientation-reversing isometry reverses the chosen normal and hence the sign convention for signed curvature, while the geometric curvature remains invariant.