Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 iii Paper 17 3 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Write . The formal completion of a scheme restricts on each chart toThus is a formal scheme over . The ordinary torus has disappeared from its underlying space: every point of lies on . In particular, only adjacent completed charts intersect, and their two possible branch overlaps inside any one chart are disjoint.
Construct the action using the integral lattice automorphismIt carries to and to , so induces a toric morphism that is an automorphism. It preserves the lattice projection to the second coordinate, hence preserves and . On the dense algebraic torus it isIn the local coordinates this sends to withThese identities show regularity on every chart without requiring to be invertible there. They also make the action continuous in the -adic topology, so it extends to . Its powers shift to ; no nonzero power is the identity or fixes a point of the formal support. Therefore is a nontrivial infinite cyclic group acting freely.
Construct the quotient explicitly, using three representative chartswith . Glue their branch opens cyclically, taking subscripts modulo three, byThese are genuine isomorphisms of formal schemes. For example, the completed localization of an adic ring on the first open iswhere . On the second it is , and the gluing sends to and to . Thus it preserves and is continuous, with a continuous inverse.
Inside we haveConsequently there are no triple-overlap conditions left to check: the two branch identifications in a chart have disjoint domains. By gluing of schemes along open subschemes in its formal version, the three charts produce a formal scheme over . Equivalently, reduce the same gluing modulo for every ; this constructs compatible schemes , all on the same underlying space, with . Their inverse system has precisely the displayed formal charts.
For every integer , map isomorphically to by identifying its coordinates with the corresponding capital-letter coordinates. The adjacent-chart formulas agree with the cyclic identifications, so these maps glue toThey are invariant under , and is the disjoint union of the translated opens , each mapping isomorphically onto . The group permutes these copies transitively. Thus the fibres of are exactly the -orbits, and invariant sections on this inverse image are exactly the sections on .
To verify the quotient property also for morphisms, take a -invariant morphism . Its restrictions to agree on the adjacent branch opens. On the closing overlap they agree because the translated chart has the same restriction as under . Hence they descend to a unique morphism . This proves that the gluing is the cyclic formal quotient of the infinite toric chain:Its fibre modulo is a triangle of three projective lines over , each meeting its two neighbours at its two boundary sections. More generally, a shift by any gives an -gon. Completion is important here: translates of a formal chart are disjoint, whereas all ordinary toric charts still share the generic torus.