Universal model Created 2026-09-28 Updated 2026-11-05
Fix an infinite cardinal and a complete theory . A model of cardinality is -universal when every model of of cardinality at most has an elementary embedding into . The bound includes models of size exactly .
Some conventions use a separate weaker notion requiring embeddings only for models of size less than . That convention must be distinguished here: at , it can be vacuous for a theory with no finite models. A countable dense linear order without endpoints is universal for the countable models of its complete theory, since each such model is isomorphic to the rational order.