Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 50 4 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Yes, the conversion can be deterministic using local operations and classical communication. Put and . The initial state's squared Schmidt coefficients are , while the target's decreasingly ordered squared Schmidt coefficients are . Since , one has and both pairs sum to one. ThusThe direction of this majorization is the allowed one in Nielsen's pure-state conversion theorem: maximal entanglement can be reduced by deterministic LOCC.
Here is an explicit protocol, so no conversion theorem need be assumed. The sender first applies a Pauli Z gate to remove the initial Bell-state minus sign. Starting from , she performs a two-outcome local measurement with Kraus operatorsThey define a valid measurement because . The two unnormalized states after measurement areEach outcome has probability . For outcome zero, the normalized state is already . For outcome one, both parties apply Pauli X gates, obtaining the same state. The sender communicates only which outcome occurred. Finally the receiver applies a Pauli X gate, giving in either branch. This is deterministic two-qubit entanglement dilution, with total success probability one; it does not rely on postselection.