The study of how adaptive and maladaptive functioning emerges and changes over development. Similar early risks can lead to different outcomes, and similar outcomes can arise through different pathways. Explanations therefore examine timing, transactions and context rather than treating a diagnosis as a single fixed developmental destination.
Experiences or conditions threatening relevant development, safety or functioning. Exposure should be characterized by nature, severity, duration, timing and context rather than assumed identical across people with the same event count. Objective circumstances and their subjective appraisal provide different information.
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