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Let $K$ be complete for a discrete valuation $v$. If $f\in {\mathcal{O}}_K[X]$ andthen Newton iteration over a valued field converges to a root $\alpha \in {\mathcal{O}}_K$ with $v(\alpha -a)>v(f^{\prime }(a))$.

For a number field $K$ and a finite set $S$ of finite primes, an S-unit is an element of $K^{\times }$ whose discrete valuation is zero at every prime outside $S$. Its group is the unit group of the ring obtained by allowing denominators at $S$. The Dirichlet unit theorem and the valuation homomorphism to ${\mathbb{Z}}^S$ show that this group is a finitely generated abelian group.

For a finite extension of local fields with normalized discrete valuations, the field norm satisfies the displayed equality. The extended absolute values on a field of all conjugates agree, so $|N(x){|}_K=|x{|}_L^{[L:K]}$. Using $[L:K]=e(L/K)f(L/K)$ and $v_L{|}_K=e(L/K)v_K$ gives the equality. Thus the field norm is a unit precisely when the original element is a unit.