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Electron energy loss spectroscopy measures the energy transferred from incident electrons to a specimen. A transmitted-electron spectrometer separates nearly unscattered electrons from electrons that excited collective modes, atomic transitions or core-level processes.

The zero-loss feature supplies an energy reference, and losses can be reported as $E_{\mathrm{loss}}=E_{\mathrm{incident}}-E_{\mathrm{detected}}$. Element-specific edges and their energy-loss near-edge structure constrain composition and bonding. A thicker specimen can produce several losses in one trajectory, so the recorded electron energy loss spectroscopy response need not equal a single-interaction response. ^[ref]