Recording electrical activity associated with muscle activation. Surface recording electrodes sample activity near the skin; electrode position and movement affect the signal.
A muscle response following stimulation of a motor pathway. Its amplitude indexes excitability under specified recording conditions, rather than directly measuring the activity of a single mirror neuron.
Recording electrical activity over facial muscle regions, such as the cheek and brow. It can detect small facial responses that are not obvious to an observer. A response compatible with a smile or frown does not by itself establish the corresponding subjective emotion.

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Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure that assesses the electrical activity of muscles. It involves the use of electrodes—either surface electrodes placed on the skin or needle electrodes inserted into the muscle—to detect the electrical signals produced by muscle fibers during contraction.