For independent Brownian motions , the strong law for Brownian motion makes finite almost surely, so bracket localization gives an almost sure limit of the stochastic integral. The arctangent transform of a two-noise affine diffusion and endpoint convergence of a bounded angle diffusion identify its distribution function as . Conditional Gaussianity rules out atoms.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2015 iii Paper 30 5 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
The angle is a bounded local martingale, hence a uniformly integrable martingale. The Martingale convergence theorem gives an almost sure and limit withIt must lie at an endpoint. Indeed, the Itô isometry and boundedness giveThus the bracket integral is finite almost surely. If the angle converged to an interior point, its squared cosine would eventually be bounded below by a positive constant, forcing this integral to be infinite. ConsequentlyThis proves endpoint convergence of a bounded angle diffusion.