= Ernest Lawrence
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{title2=1901–1958}
{wiki}
= Ernest Orlando Lawrence
{c}
{synonym}
= Ernest O. Lawrence
{c}
{synonym}
= E. O. Lawrence
{c}
{synonym}
<Ernest Lawrence> and <M. Stanley Livingston> developed repeated acceleration of <ions> in a <cyclotron>. An oscillating <electric field> accelerates a particle each time it crosses the gap between two hollow electrodes; a perpendicular <magnetic field> bends it back toward the gap. In the nonrelativistic approximation, the orbit period $2\pi m/(|q|B)$ is independent of radius, allowing successive crossings to stay synchronized. Their 1932 report obtained <proton> <energies> of $1.22\,\mathrm{MeV}$ with a maximum applied <voltage> of $4{,}000\,\mathrm V$.<The Production of High Speed Light Ions Without the Use of High Voltages by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and Milton Stanley Livingston>[1932 abstract, repeated gap crossings, orbit timing and reported 1.22-MeV protons]{ref}
A <physicist>.https://www.llnl.gov/article/31061/feb-20-1934-huge-step-toward-atomic-energy[Independent professional profile]{ref}
\Image[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Ernest%20O.%20Lawrence.jpg?width=250]
{title=Portrait of <Ernest Lawrence>}
{description=Donald Cooksey / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; US National Archives, Morgue1958-8 (P-68), XBD200001-00048.tif; existing Commons crop. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_O._Lawrence.jpg#Licensing[Commons PD-USGov-DOE claim for work made in official duties. File warns that national laboratories have varying licenses; retain that attribution and qualification.], via Wikimedia Commons.}
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{width=250}
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