Ernest Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston developed repeated acceleration of ions in a cyclotron. An oscillating electric field accelerates a particle each time it crosses the gap between two hollow electrodes; a perpendicular magnetic field bends it back toward the gap. In the nonrelativistic approximation, the orbit period is independent of radius, allowing successive crossings to stay synchronized. Their 1932 report obtained proton energies of with a maximum applied voltage of .[ref]
A physicist.[ref]
https://www.llnl.gov/article/31061/feb-20-1934-huge-step-toward-atomic-energy. Independent professional profile
Portrait of Ernest Lawrence
. Donald Cooksey / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; US National Archives, Morgue1958-8 (P-68), XBD200001-00048.tif; existing Commons crop. Commons PD-USGov-DOE claim for work made in official duties. File warns that national laboratories have varying licenses; retain that attribution and qualification., via Wikimedia Commons. Source. Articles by others on the same topic
Ernest O. Lawrence (1901–1958) was an American physicist best known for his invention of the cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator that was instrumental in the advancement of nuclear physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his work on the cyclotron, which allowed scientists to accelerate particles to high energies and significantly contributed to the field of atomic physics and the development of nuclear medicine.
