A configuration or movement of the face that can contribute to communication and sensory regulation. Similar production across populations does not imply identical emotion recognition, and an expression can be posed or socially regulated.
Facial reactions congruent with another person's observed facial movements. Facial electromyography can measure small congruent responses. Congruent movement alone does not establish emotional contagion or a necessary route to emotion recognition.
A system for describing visible facial actions in terms of anatomically grounded action units. Coding an action unit documents a movement; assigning an emotion to the movement is a separate inference.
Movement of facial muscle groups, described without assuming its psychological cause. Calling a movement an expression of an emotion adds an interpretation that requires independent evidence.
Description of visible facial movements in terms of anatomically informed action components. Coding the movement keeps an observation separate from an inferred emotion label; a code by itself does not prove the observer's emotional interpretation.
A socially learned convention regulating when and how a facial expression is shown. Display rules can alter a visible signal without implying that every underlying feeling or production mechanism is culture-specific.
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