Let be randomized assignment, facial activity, sensory feedback and a report. One possible model is , , . A second is , , , , where is an expectancy route. Both models predict the same observed even though intervening on changes only in the first. Therefore randomizing and measuring does not distinguish these mechanisms. Identifying causal mediation requires further assumptions or interventions. The binary models are a logical counterexample, not participant data.

Articles by others on the same topic (0)

There are currently no matching articles.