Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 46 4 ii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
The ghost kinetic term as printed is . Integration by parts gives , so its Fourier-space quadratic kernel is . Completing the Grassmann square in the same generating functional givesKeep the source order fixed, using a left derivative for and a right derivative for . Including the two insertion factors produces , just as in the Gaussian generating functional for a Dirac field. ThereforeThe minus sign follows from the particular ghost Lagrangian in this paper. A convention with the opposite ghost kinetic sign has the opposite propagator; redefining the Faddeev-Popov antighost field changes its interaction and source signs at the same time. Mixing propagator and vertex conventions would give an erroneous loop sign. This is the ghost propagator for a negative derivative kinetic term.