Going up and going down concern lifting inclusions of prime ideals through a ring extension. Going-up theorem lifts upward from a chosen lower prime for an integral extension. Going-down theorem lifts downward from a chosen upper prime under additional hypotheses, including an integrally closed base domain for integral extensions of domains.
Let be an integral extension of domains with integrally closed. Given primes of and a prime of over , there is a prime over .
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The phrases "going up" and "going down" can refer to various contexts depending on the subject matter. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **General Meaning**: - "Going up" often denotes an increase or upward movement, such as in prices, stock values, or in physical elevation (like climbing a hill). - "Going down" typically indicates a decrease or downward movement, such as falling prices, declining values, or descending physically.