Build the star by adding spherical shells. With the enclosed mass, its gravitational binding energy is
For a nondegenerate extended star, on the interior, so
This is a gravitational binding-energy lower bound for a spherical star. The Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling time is of order
The displayed energy bound gives years; it supplies a lower bound on that reservoir-to-luminosity ratio. A stellar structure model sets its coefficient. For an ideal monatomic, gas-supported star the virial theorem puts about half the released gravitational energy into heat, leaving half available for radiation; a uniform-density model would give about years. These contraction estimates are all of order years, much shorter than the nuclear lifetime.