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Gravitational binding-energy lower bound for a spherical star
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Past exam of the short options paper shared by Prelims and Parts A and B of the physics course of the University of Oxford
/
2012
/
S2
/
2
/
1
/
Solution
2026-10-25
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Build the
star
by adding
spherical shells
. With
m
(
r
)
the enclosed
mass
, its
gravitational binding energy
is
Ω
=
−
∫
0
M
⊙
r
(
m
)
G
m
d
m
.
(1)
For
a
nondegenerate extended
star
,
r
(
m
)
<
R
⊙
on the interior, so
∣Ω∣
>
R
⊙
G
∫
0
M
⊙
m
d
m
=
2
R
⊙
G
M
⊙
2
.
(2)
This is
a
gravitational binding-energy lower bound for a spherical star
. The
Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling time
is of order
τ
KH
∼
R
⊙
L
⊙
G
M
⊙
2
≃
3.1
×
1
0
7
yr
.
(3)
The displayed
energy
bound gives
∣Ω∣/
L
⊙
>
1.6
×
1
0
7
years
; it supplies
a
lower bound on that reservoir-to-
luminosity
ratio
.
A
stellar structure
model
sets
its
coefficient
. For an
ideal
monatomic,
gas
-supported
star
the
virial theorem
puts about half the released
gravitational energy
into
heat
, leaving half available for
radiation
;
a
uniform-
density
model
would give about
9
×
1
0
6
years
. These contraction estimates are all of order
1
0
7
years
, much shorter than the nuclear lifetime.
Total
articles
:
1