Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 132 1 c Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Let the blue edges form a graph on vertices, and suppose there is no blue copy of . For every vertex , the graph has maximum degree at most one. Indeed, if some had two neighbours inside , thenwould be the five blue edges of a copy of .
Let . If , then a maximum-degree neighbourhood, being a matching plus isolated vertices, has an independent set of size at least . This is a red . We may therefore assume . Part (b) givesIf , the greedy independent-set bound gives once . If , then part (b) giveswhen is sufficiently large. In either case there is a red , so
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2026 iii Paper 215 4 b i Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
For any two states , the closed neighbourhood of has at most vertices. The remaining induced graph therefore has at least vertices and maximum degree at most , so the greedy independent-set bound supplies an independent set of size there. No vertex of is adjacent to a vertex of . Replace the elements of one at a time by the elements of , and then replace the elements of one at a time by those of . Every intermediate set is independent, and every prescribed swap has positive transition probability. Hence the chain is irreducible.