Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2003 iii Paper 12 1 ii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let count -cliques, and put . Since , the Markov inequality gives . Any larger clique contains an -clique, so it remains to prove with high probability.
We give the required growing-clique overlap bound explicitly. Set and, for ,The quantity is the probability that a uniformly chosen -set overlaps a fixed -set in exactly vertices. Two clique indicators share exactly edge requirements, so their joint-to-product ratio is . Overlap zero or one gives independence. Hence the overlap formula for the variance of a clique count impliesWe must bound this sum with allowed to grow.
Eventually and . Using , these inequalities giveFor , a union bound over the selected shared vertices gives . Put . Since and ,For each fixed , the first bound tends to zero if stays bounded, because its power of is negative. If , the middle bound tends to zero because . Thus each fixed- term tends to zero along arbitrary admissible sequences. The bounding series converges. Splitting at a fixed large index, then taking and the index to infinity, proves that the entire lower-half sum is .
For the upper half write . The exact diagonal comparison isFor , the second bound on givesThe last inequality uses : the exponent of in the bracket is negative, so substituting bounds it above. Uniformly for this range of , . Indeed , and concavity of , checked at and , gives . It follows thatThus . The second moment method gives . Combining this with the absence of larger cliques provesThe restriction on is used in both overlap ranges; divergence of a clique count in a binomial random graph alone would not suffice for arbitrary growing .