Lieb-Robinson localization by Haar twirling 2026-10-06
Apply Haar twirling conditional expectation to the complement of a neighbourhood around the initial operator support. A Lieb-Robinson bound on commutators with arbitrary complement-supported unitaries then bounds the approximation error without summing over sites. For a bound proportional to , choosing gives an error at most outside radius .
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2015 iii Paper 67 1 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Let and be its complement, with Hilbert-space dimension . Use Haar twirling conditional expectation to defineThis is an operator supported on . The normalization is essential: the partial trace alone would not fix an operator already supported on .
Subtract the integrand from and use the operator norm triangle inequality. Since and every unitary operator has norm one, the assumed Lieb-Robinson bound, applied to a unitary supported on the entire complement, givesThe factor was bounded by ; there is no sum over sites and hence no volume-dependent prefactor.