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For a free scalar field of mass $m$ in Anti-de Sitter spacetime of dimension $d+1$ and radius $L$, use coordinates withThe conformal boundary is at $z=0$. The Klein-Gordon equation gives the radial leading balance $z^2{\varphi }_{zz}-(d-1)z{\varphi }_z-m^2{L}^2\varphi \simeq 0$. A power law $z^{\Delta }$ therefore obeys the AdS scalar mass--dimension relationFor distinct roots and generic nonresonant parameters,In standard quantization, $J$ is the source of the dual local field operator; $A$ determines its expectation value after holographic renormalization, with a normalization fixed by the bulk action. ^[ref]

The Breitenlohner-Freedman bound $m^2{L}^2\ge -d^2/4$ makes $\nu$ real. At $\nu =0$ the roots coincide and a second solution involves $z^{d/2}\log z$. Resonant expansions can also contain logarithms. In the appropriate mass window, Alternative quantization of an AdS scalar field changes which coefficient acts as source. ^[ref]