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Immunologist who, with Georges Köhler, developed continuously growing antibody-producing fused cells. This approach made reproducible monoclonal antibodies available for experiments that require one defined binding specificity.^[ref]

Immunologist who, with César Milstein, established continuously growing fused cells secreting an antibody of predefined specificity. Their work supplied the basis of hybridoma production of monoclonal antibodies.^[ref]

Immunologist whose work investigated antibody structure and its relationship to molecular recognition. His Nobel lecture connects chemical analysis of immunoglobulins with an explanation of how antibody chains and domains support biological specificity.^[ref]

A scientist or clinician studying the immune system and its disorders. An immunologist connects molecular recognition and cellular responses with protection, regulation or immune-mediated injury.

Immunologist whose experiments helped establish MHC restriction. Zinkernagel and collaborators tested T-cell-mediated killing in viral infection, showing that recognition depends on the target’s compatibility with the responding immune cells.^[ref]