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In the I1 incoherent feed-forward loop, an input activates both an intermediate regulator and the output, while the intermediate represses the output. Delayed accumulation of the intermediate can therefore interrupt an initial output pulse. The precise steady state depends on the actual gene regulation rule and thresholds.

In the I4 incoherent feed-forward loop, an input activates the output but represses an intermediate activator of that output. Decay of the intermediate can interrupt an initial output pulse. Residual production and signal dependence must be retained when specifying the gene regulation rule.