Control over when, where and how much a gene is expressed. Evolutionary changes in expression domains can alter developmental identity without requiring movement of a formed organ.
Movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the relevant eukaryotic pathway. Processing, recognition and quality control can be coupled to export; export is distinct from transcription or subsequent translation.
The spatial distribution and targeting of messenger RNA within a biological cell. concentration enrichment, total fraction recruited, residence time and transport are different observables.
The ratio of RNA concentration inside an assembly to that outside, with accessible volumes and molecule detection specified. A high concentration ratio does not mean a large fraction of all cellular molecules is recruited.
Degradation of RNA molecules. RNA abundance reflects both production and decay, so a steady-state abundance difference alone does not establish a change in stability.
An RNA sequence element enriched in adenine and uracil that can recruit regulatory proteins affecting RNA stability.
The time for half of an RNA population to disappear under specified conditions. For a homogeneous first-order decay process it equals ; ongoing synthesis and changing biological cell states complicate abundance measurements.
Artificial recruitment of a candidate effector to a chosen RNA through a separate recognition module. It tests activity after recruitment while bypassing native recognition; physiological targeting and necessity require independent evidence.
Control of the rate or pattern of biological translation. ribosome occupancy depends on initiation and passage, so more occupied ribosomes need not mean more completed protein.
An operational measure often estimated from normalized ribosome footprints relative to RNA abundance. It reflects occupancy per transcript and is not automatically a direct rate of completed protein production.
Imaging newly emerging peptide chains at individual RNA molecules. Release and run-off controls help distinguish translation-dependent signals from aggregates or completed proteins.
Inhibition of uptake of an inducing substrate by a preferred-carbon-source regulatory system. Glucose-dependent inhibition of lactose permease reduces formation of allolactose and reinforces lac operon repression.
An Escherichia coli transcription unit encoding lactose-use proteins. Expression integrates LacI-dependent repression, allolactose induction, catabolite activator protein activation and inducer exclusion.
A DNA recognition sequence bound by LacI. Repeated copies are used in fluorescent operator-repressor chromosome labelling.
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