Use positive current in the charging direction and passive voltage drops across . The five ideal elements obeyThe battery maintains its emf independently of current. An ideal open switch has with its voltage unconstrained; an ideal closed switch has with its current unconstrained. These statements are the switch's piecewise current-voltage relation. Inductor current continuity and capacitor-voltage continuity hold when no impulse voltage or current is imposed.
The source diagram has in series with two parallel branches: one containing then , and the other containing . Let their common voltage be , measured from the upper node to the lower return. Kirchhoff's current law and the branch laws giveUsing in the source equation yields . Substitution into the coil branch givesThe switch was open for a long time, so . Inductor current continuity gives for a finite applied voltage.
Put , , and . When the switch reopens, the circuit again contains the battery and all three series elements. Inductor current continuity and capacitor voltage continuity giveThus , not zero. Differentiating the loop equation gives the homogeneous current equationThe battery is still connected; its constant voltage disappears on differentiating, and the eventual capacitor voltage is .
With and , the inequality makes the circuit underdamped. The damped angular frequency and ordinary frequency areThe full current satisfying both initial conditions isIts amplitude envelope decays as . ThereforeThis is measured after reopening; on the clock starting with the first closure it is . An instantaneous current zero is not an amplitude decay measurement.
