Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 122 5 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
The induced internal hom for modules over a Hopf algebra on iswhere both occurrences of have their left regular action. If is a morphism of left -modules, thenSo every such morphism is an invariant vector of a module over a Hopf algebra.
For the converse, a calculation valid for every -linear isIf is invariant, its left-hand side is instead . Hence for all , which is precisely the R-module homomorphism condition.
In fact an endomorphism of the left regular module is determined by and has . Conversely each right multiplication map is left -linear. Thus the invariant space has the explicit descriptionAs a vector space it is isomorphic to , and under composition its algebra is the opposite algebra . No dimension or semisimplicity hypothesis is needed.