The Jensen zero-count bound gives zeros up to ordinate . Since their real parts lie in , a fixed-point real logarithmic derivative summand is . Dyadic ordinate bands then contribute . This proves absolute convergence of the real sum, while the unpaired complex sum of reciprocals need not converge absolutely.
Put . The fractional-part continuation formula for the Riemann zeta function gives for . At , the reciprocal Euler product bounds below by . Applying the Jensen zero-count bound with outer radius and inner radius gives zeros in the latter disk. Those disks cover the half-strip . Reflecting zeros using the functional equation of the Riemann zeta function completes the bound without requiring left-half-plane growth estimates.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2013 iii Paper 23 3 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
The Riemann xi function is the entire functionwith . Its Hadamard factorization iswhere the Nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are repeated by multiplicity and the factors are canonical genus-one factors.
Here is the growth estimate needed for the Jensen zero-count bound. For , functional symmetry reduces to . Euler summation truncated at bounds by a fixed power of , uniformly in that region; the multiplication cancels the pole at one. The logarithmic gamma estimate bounds by , including the bounded small- part separately. The remaining elementary factors obey the same bound. ThusFor a zero with , its contribution in Jensen's formula on radius is at least . ConsequentlyIf a zero lies on the integration circle, use nearby radii and continuity of the zero-count estimate. Hence for . The growth also gives order at most one and justifies the stated Hadamard factorization; the zero-count bound gives convergence of its genus-one factors.
The printed logarithmic Stirling hint drops the term . The correct expansion is in a fixed sector. Its consequence is all that the argument needs.