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By Jeremy A. Riousset, Joshua S. Méndez Harper, Josef Dufek, Jared P. Nelson, Annelisa B. Esparza.

Primary research paper; classical planar Townsend criterion, empirical ionization coefficient and limits of its geometric assumptions. Full byline verified on the primary publisher page.

Publisher: agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD038427 . The published five-author byline above differs from the earlier arXiv version, which also lists Jacob A. Engle; author contributions are reported in the published article.

Josef Dufek studies fluid dynamics in geological and atmospheric systems, especially flows containing several interacting phases. His research group combines computation, laboratory experiments and field measurements to investigate volcanic processes and particle-laden flows.^[ref]

For example, ash in a volcanic plume exchanges momentum and heat with its surrounding gas. Treating the particles as a passive color added to a gas-flow picture can fail when their loading changes the flow itself. A model must decide which exchanges to resolve directly and which to represent statistically. Dufek also coauthored the generalized gas-discharge study, linking particle-rich environments with electrical breakdown questions.^[ref]