= Kamiokande
{c}
<Kamiokande>, associated with <Masatoshi Koshiba>, was an underground <water> <Cherenkov detector> viewed by <photomultipliers>. Improved <water> purity and reduced background enabled <solar neutrino> observations. A concentration of reconstructed recoil directions toward the <Sun> distinguished a source signal above an approximately direction-independent background.<Nobel Lecture: Birth of neutrino astrophysics by Masatoshi Koshiba>[pp. 1011–1015; Figs. 1, 7–9]{ref}
For <solar neutrinos>, <Electron> <elastic scattering> supplies a directional recoil, with different <cross sections> for active <neutrino flavors>. Neither the <Homestake experiment> deficit nor the <SN 1987A neutrino burst> alone established <neutrino oscillation>; later evidence compared complementary channels and propagation effects.<Nobel Lecture: Birth of neutrino astrophysics by Masatoshi Koshiba>[pp. 1013, 1016–1018: scattering and combined oscillation evidence]{ref}
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