Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 320 4 d Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
False. Adiabatic invariance of an orbital action preserves actions under sufficiently slow regular evolution, not the ratios of their frequencies. With action-angle variables, can change even when does not. A closed bound orbit requires commensurate radial and angular frequencies; rational commensurability is not an adiabatic invariant.
For an explicit counterexample, slowly change the physical potential from Kepler form towith a small, slowly varying positive . The radial epicyclic frequency and circular angular frequency at a nearly circular orbit areInitially their ratio is one. For generic nonzero , is irrational, producing the Kepler-harmonic epicyclic precession. An initially slightly eccentric ellipse with nonzero radial action therefore becomes a precessing nonclosed orbit, while its radial action remains approximately fixed and its angular momentum remains exactly fixed by spherical symmetry.