Léo Ducas Created 2026-10-14 Updated 2026-11-05
He is a co-designer of CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium, the schemes that were standardized as ML-KEM and ML-DSA. They serve different purposes: a key encapsulation mechanism establishes a shared secret through a public-key operation, while a digital signature authenticates a message under a signing key.[ref]
Figure 1.
Portrait of Léo Ducas
. Photograph linked on the CWI personal homepage.